Free FMGE Obstetrics & Gynaecology questions

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Early pregnancy with pain, bleeding, an empty uterus, and an adnexal mass strongly suggests ectopic pregnancy. Tubal pregnancy is the most common form.

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Placenta previa classically presents with painless antepartum hemorrhage and a soft, non-tender uterus. Digital vaginal examination is avoided until placental location is known.

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Painful bleeding, uterine tenderness, and increased uterine activity are typical of placental abruption. Hypertension is an important risk factor.

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A boggy enlarged uterus with postpartum bleeding strongly indicates uterine atony. It is the most common cause of primary postpartum hemorrhage.

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New-onset hypertension after 20 weeks with proteinuria or relevant end-organ dysfunction is characteristic of preeclampsia.

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Eclampsia is the occurrence of new-onset seizures in a woman with preeclampsia when another cause is not more likely. Magnesium sulfate is central to seizure management and prevention of recurrence.

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Maternal hyperglycemia drives fetal hyperinsulinemia and excessive growth, increasing the risk of macrosomia and birth trauma.

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Anti-D immunoglobulin prevents active maternal immune sensitization to Rh-positive fetal red cells. It is used prophylactically in appropriate Rh-negative unsensitized women.

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The first stage of labor extends from onset of true labor to full cervical dilatation. Progressive cervical dilatation and effacement are key features.

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McRoberts positioning hyperflexes the maternal hips and can increase the functional pelvic outlet. Suprapubic pressure may be added, while fundal pressure is avoided.

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Frank breech is characterized by flexed hips and extended knees, placing the feet near the fetal head.

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Late decelerations begin after the contraction starts and recover after it ends, reflecting impaired uteroplacental oxygen transfer.

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PCOS commonly presents with ovulatory dysfunction and clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism. Metabolic abnormalities may coexist.

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Endometriosis commonly causes secondary dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia, infertility, and tender pelvic nodules or adnexal masses.

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Leiomyomas commonly cause heavy menstrual bleeding and produce a firm, irregularly enlarged uterus depending on number and location.

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Adenomyosis involves endometrial glands and stroma within myometrium and classically causes dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, and a diffusely enlarged tender uterus.

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Persistent high-risk HPV infection, especially oncogenic types, is the central etiologic factor in cervical carcinogenesis.

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Sudden unilateral pelvic pain with nausea in the setting of an adnexal mass is highly suggestive of ovarian torsion and requires urgent evaluation.

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Loss of ovarian follicular activity reduces estrogen and inhibin feedback, resulting in elevated gonadotropins, especially FSH.

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Postmenopausal bleeding warrants evaluation for endometrial pathology, including carcinoma, even though benign causes are common.