Free FMGE Orthopedics questions

Explanation

The brachial artery lies anterior to the distal humerus and may be injured in displaced supracondylar fractures. Distal perfusion and median/anterior interosseous nerve function should be checked urgently.

Explanation

A Colles fracture is an extra-articular distal radius fracture with dorsal displacement of the distal fragment. It classically follows a fall on an outstretched hand.

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A Smith fracture is often described as a reverse Colles fracture because the distal fragment is displaced volarly. It may follow a fall onto a flexed wrist.

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The scaphoid receives important blood supply in a retrograde pattern, making the proximal fragment vulnerable to avascular necrosis. Persistent clinical suspicion warrants immobilization and further imaging.

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Monteggia fracture-dislocation combines a proximal ulna fracture with radial head dislocation. Galeazzi injury instead involves a radius fracture with distal radioulnar joint disruption.

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Galeazzi injury consists of a radial shaft fracture, usually distal third, with distal radioulnar joint disruption. It is an unstable forearm injury in adults.

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Intracapsular femoral neck fractures can disrupt branches of the medial femoral circumflex artery supplying the femoral head. This increases risk of avascular necrosis and nonunion.

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Posterior hip dislocation classically produces a flexed, adducted, internally rotated limb. The sciatic nerve, particularly its peroneal division, may be injured.

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Acute compartment syndrome is a limb-threatening emergency. Clinical suspicion with characteristic pain warrants urgent decompression rather than waiting for late neurological signs.

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Open fractures carry a high infection risk. Prompt antibiotics, tetanus assessment, irrigation/debridement, stabilization, and soft-tissue planning are core principles.

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The metaphyseal blood supply in growing children favors bacterial seeding. This makes the metaphysis a common site of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis.

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Spinal tuberculosis commonly affects vertebral bodies and discs, with collapse, kyphosis, and cold abscess formation. Neurological compromise can occur in advanced disease.

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Conventional osteosarcoma typically affects adolescents and arises in the metaphysis, especially around the knee. Aggressive periosteal reaction and osteoid-forming tumor are key features.

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Ewing sarcoma often affects the diaphysis of long bones in children and adolescents. Onion-skin periosteal reaction and systemic inflammatory features are classic clues.

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Giant cell tumor typically occurs after epiphyseal closure and arises in the epiphysis extending to the subarticular bone. It commonly involves the region around the knee.

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Chondroblastoma is a rare benign tumor that typically affects the epiphysis in adolescents or young adults. This location helps distinguish it from metaphyseal osteosarcoma.

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Ortolani maneuver reduces a dislocated but reducible neonatal hip. Barlow maneuver attempts to provoke dislocation of an unstable hip.

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The Ponseti method uses serial manipulation and casts, often with Achilles tenotomy when needed. Early treatment achieves excellent correction in most idiopathic cases.

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Meniscal tears commonly follow twisting injuries and cause joint-line tenderness, catching, or locking. Mechanical symptoms are especially suggestive.

Explanation

The Lachman test assesses anterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur and is highly useful for ACL injury. A soft or absent endpoint supports ligament disruption.