Free FMGE Pediatrics questions

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Physiologic jaundice appears after the first 24 hours in an otherwise well newborn and reflects increased bilirubin production with immature hepatic conjugation.

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Surfactant deficiency in preterm infants causes neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. The classic radiograph shows diffuse reticulogranular or ground-glass opacities with air bronchograms.

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PDA classically produces a continuous machinery-type murmur with bounding pulses and widened pulse pressure when the shunt is hemodynamically significant.

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Squatting increases systemic vascular resistance, which reduces the pressure gradient favoring right-to-left flow across the VSD and improves pulmonary blood flow.

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Independent sitting is generally achieved in the latter half of the first year, commonly around 6–8 months. Developmental milestones are interpreted as ranges rather than exact dates.

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By around 2 years, many children combine words into simple two-word phrases. Language progression should be interpreted together with social and hearing assessment.

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ORS replaces water and electrolytes effectively in most children with mild to moderate dehydration who can drink. Severe shock or inability to tolerate oral therapy requires IV resuscitation.

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Shock from severe dehydration requires prompt restoration of intravascular volume with isotonic IV fluid. Ongoing deficit replacement follows stabilization.

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RSV is a major cause of bronchiolitis in infants, producing small-airway inflammation with wheeze, crackles, tachypnea, and feeding difficulty.

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Viral croup causes subglottic inflammation with a barking cough, hoarseness, and inspiratory stridor. Parainfluenza viruses are classic causes.

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Drooling, toxic appearance, muffled voice, tripod posture, and stridor suggest epiglottitis. Airway management takes priority over unnecessary throat manipulation.

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Minimal change disease is the most common nephrotic syndrome in young children and typically presents with edema and selective heavy proteinuria.

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A latent period after streptococcal throat or skin infection followed by hematuria, edema, and hypertension is characteristic of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.

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Excess milk intake can displace iron-rich foods and predispose toddlers to iron deficiency. Low ferritin with microcytosis strongly supports the diagnosis.

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Beta-thalassemia major presents in infancy with severe anemia requiring regular transfusion, marrow expansion, and hepatosplenomegaly due to ineffective erythropoiesis.

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ALL commonly presents in childhood with marrow failure, bone pain, lymphadenopathy, and circulating or marrow lymphoblasts.

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Nutritional rickets from vitamin D deficiency causes defective mineralization, leading to widened metaphyses, skeletal deformity, and delayed motor development.

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Edematous protein-energy malnutrition with skin and hair changes and fatty liver is characteristic of kwashiorkor.

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A brief generalized seizure associated with fever in the typical age range, without focality or recurrence within the same illness, fits a simple febrile seizure.

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Neutrophilic CSF with elevated protein and reduced glucose is typical of bacterial meningitis. Prompt antimicrobial treatment is critical after appropriate stabilization and evaluation.