Free FMGE Anatomy questions

Explanation

This posture is characteristic of Erb palsy, usually involving C5-C6 fibers of the upper trunk. Shoulder abduction, lateral rotation, and elbow flexion are particularly affected.

Explanation

The radial nerve runs in the radial groove along the humeral shaft. Injury at this location may produce wrist drop due to paralysis of wrist extensors.

Explanation

Opponens pollicis produces opposition of the thumb and is supplied by the recurrent branch of the median nerve. Loss of opposition is therefore an important feature of distal median nerve injury.

Explanation

The common fibular nerve winds superficially around the fibular neck and is vulnerable to compression. Injury weakens dorsiflexion and eversion, producing foot drop.

Explanation

The lateral rectus abducts the eye and is supplied by cranial nerve VI. An abducens lesion causes impaired abduction and horizontal diplopia.

Explanation

The abducens nerve courses through the cavernous sinus close to the internal carotid artery. Cranial nerves III, IV, V1, and V2 lie within its lateral wall.

Explanation

The anterior cerebral artery predominantly supplies the medial cerebral hemisphere, including the leg region of the motor cortex. Its occlusion therefore commonly causes contralateral lower-limb weakness.

Explanation

Corticospinal fibers descend through the posterior limb of the internal capsule. A compact lesion here can therefore produce marked contralateral motor deficits.

Explanation

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla originate from neural crest cells. Neural crest also contributes to peripheral ganglia, melanocytes, and several craniofacial structures.

Explanation

The second pharyngeal arch is supplied by the facial nerve. Its muscular derivatives include muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, and posterior belly of digastric.

Explanation

Neural crest cells contribute to conotruncal septation. Abnormal migration can produce conotruncal abnormalities such as Tetralogy of Fallot.

Explanation

The lower esophagus contains a portosystemic connection between the left gastric vein and esophageal veins draining to the azygos system. Portal hypertension may therefore produce esophageal varices.

Explanation

An indirect inguinal hernia enters through the deep ring lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels. A direct hernia protrudes medial to these vessels through Hesselbach triangle.

Explanation

The phrenic nerve passes anterior to the lung root, whereas the vagus passes posterior to it. This relationship is useful in thoracic anatomy and surgery.

Explanation

Coronary dominance is defined by the origin of the posterior interventricular artery. In most individuals, it originates from the right coronary artery.

Explanation

The ureter passes beneath the uterine artery near the cervix, remembered as “water under the bridge.” It can therefore be accidentally injured during uterine artery ligation.

Explanation

Testicular lymphatics follow the gonadal vessels to lumbar or para-aortic nodes because of the embryological origin of the testes. Scrotal skin instead drains mainly to superficial inguinal nodes.

Explanation

The urinary bladder is lined by urothelium, or transitional epithelium. It permits substantial distension while maintaining a protective barrier.

Explanation

From lateral to medial, the important arrangement is nerve, artery, vein, empty space/femoral canal, and lymphatics. The femoral nerve itself lies outside the femoral sheath.

Explanation

The cricothyroid is supplied by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Most other intrinsic muscles of the larynx receive motor supply from the recurrent laryngeal nerve.