Free FMGE Ophthalmology questions

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Acute angle closure causes sudden painful elevation of intraocular pressure with corneal edema and a mid-dilated pupil. It is an ophthalmic emergency requiring urgent pressure reduction.

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Glaucoma damages retinal nerve fiber bundles and can produce arcuate or nasal-step defects. Progressive disease eventually causes marked peripheral field loss.

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Age-related cataract causes progressive painless visual blurring and glare. Pain or abrupt field loss should prompt evaluation for other ocular emergencies.

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Progressive pterygium approaching the visual axis is an indication for excision. Conjunctival autografting reduces recurrence compared with bare-sclera excision.

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Anterior uveitis commonly presents with pain, photophobia, ciliary congestion, and miosis. Posterior synechiae may make the pupil irregular.

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Microbial keratitis threatens vision and often produces severe pain, photophobia, corneal infiltrate or ulceration, and visual reduction. It requires urgent ophthalmic assessment.

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Dendritic epithelial ulcers with terminal bulbs are characteristic of herpes simplex keratitis. Topical corticosteroids are generally avoided in active epithelial disease unless specifically indicated by an ophthalmologist.

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Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is defined by pathologic new-vessel formation on the disc or elsewhere. These vessels can bleed and cause tractional retinal detachment.

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Papilledema in the setting of severe hypertension indicates advanced hypertensive retinopathy and hypertensive emergency. Systemic blood pressure management is urgent.

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Photopsia, floaters, and a curtain-like visual-field defect are classic symptoms of retinal tear or detachment. Prompt retinal evaluation is required.

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CRAO produces sudden severe painless loss of vision and a pale ischemic retina with a cherry-red macula. It represents an ocular and vascular emergency.

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CRVO classically produces a blood-and-thunder fundus with diffuse hemorrhages, venous engorgement, and disc edema. Visual impairment varies with severity.

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Papilledema specifically refers to optic-disc edema caused by raised intracranial pressure and is usually bilateral. The underlying cause requires urgent evaluation.

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Optic neuritis commonly causes subacute painful visual loss, dyschromatopsia, and central scotoma in young adults. It has an important association with demyelinating disease.

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Crossing nasal retinal fibers are compressed at the chiasm, causing temporal field loss in both eyes. Pituitary-region masses are a classic cause.

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In myopia, parallel rays focus in front of the retina. A concave lens diverges incoming light so that focus shifts posteriorly onto the retina.

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Hypermetropic eyes focus images behind the retina when accommodation is relaxed. A convex lens converges rays and brings the focus forward.

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Herbert pits are limbal depressions left after resolution of trachomatous follicles. They are a classic sign of previous Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

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Sympathetic ophthalmia is a bilateral granulomatous panuveitis occurring after penetrating ocular trauma or surgery. The uninjured eye is termed the sympathizing eye.

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RAPD reflects asymmetric afferent input, commonly from optic-nerve disease or severe retinal disease. The swinging-flashlight test is a bedside method for detecting it.